When concrete cracks, capsules intersected by cracks will rupture and release healing agents into the crack, effectively binding the crack, preventing further crack growth and sealing the crack opening to facilitate recovery of durability and mechanical properties in the damaged region. As such, the need for a more robust and consistent self-healing system has motivated the development of capsule-based autonomous healing that utilizes healing agents encapsulated in micro-capsules dispersed throughout the concrete. The intrinsic properties of concrete enable autogenous healing of microcracks up to 150 µm however, the healing effectiveness is limited by the availability of unreacted cement particles and water. The interactions between theses liquids and cement, aggregate, and/or steel reinforcements, being chemical, physical, and/or electrochemical reactions, are the main causes of concrete damage and the service life shortening of concrete structures. Cracks, which initiate from early age as a result of shrinkage, thermal expansion, and/or accidental loading, allow the ingress of water and deleterious liquids into the concrete core. Cracks are detrimental to the durability and load-bearing capacity of concrete structures.
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